Are We Comparing “Apples and Oranges”? Same-Sex Couples and LGB Individuals in Surveys in the Americas

The measurement of sexual orientation in surveys is complex and inconsistent, impacting research on LGBTQ+ populations. This study examines the effects of different sexual orientation measures—sexual identity versus partner-based measures—on socioeconomic and well-being outcomes. Data from six countries in the Americas (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, and the U.S.) is analyzed, using household income and mental health as key outcomes. Large-scale surveys and census data allow identification of both same-sex couples and sexual identity. Findings indicate that conclusions vary based on the measure used: in Chile, same-sex couples appear to have a greater earnings disadvantage than LGB individuals, while in Colombia, LGB same-sex couples report lower well-being than their heterosexual counterparts. These variations are likely due to differences in classification and measurement, highlighting the importance of considering both identity and behavior in studies of sexual minorities. Further analysis across countries will deepen understanding of LGBTQ+ economic and mental well-being.