Ethnic Identity Politics in Ethiopia: The Case of
Central and Southern Ethiopia
Ethnic identity politics has played a significant role in Ethiopia's nation-building efforts, often sparking debate. Since 1991, the country has reorganized its administration along ethnic lines to address historical injustices in governance—a decision that continues to generate controversy. The study examines the impact of Ethiopia's ethnic-based administrative system, focusing on the central and southern regions. Following political change in 2018, the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Regional State (SNNPRS) was disintegrated into four new states, underscoring the benefits and challenges of the ethnic federalism model. Specifically, the research investigates the pros and cons of demands for ethnic-based autonomous states and its effects on the rights of minorities and individuals in the region. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study draws on theories of recognition, social exclusion, and ethnic federalism to analyze the interplay between identity politics and ethnic governance in Ethiopia. It highlights vital motivations for ethnic groups seeking autonomy, including the preservation of cultural identity, the pursuit of equality, and the fair distribution of resources. The findings expose the complex relationship between decentralization, local governance, and ethnicity, contributing to broader debates on federalism and ethnic identity in Ethiopia. By providing empirical data on recent administrative changes and their socio-political effects, the study offers valuable insights into nation-building and minority rights in ethnically diverse societies.