Disability Inclusion or Exclusion in Development Efforts: A Critical Review of Learning Disability Amongst School Children in India

Disability is often misconstrued due to its health and economic ramifications. Furthermore, biases against people with disabilities are frequently overlooked. People with disabilities encounter various forms of discrimination, including those based on social class, caste, gender, and the nature of their disability, which is often categorized based on its proximity to or deviation from the societal norm. Normality refers to the standard level of physical ability society has adapted to and accepted, enabling individuals to manage their biological conditions. The categorisation of individuals in society and establishing social hierarchy is known as social stratification. Different cultures have varying systems of stratification and beliefs that justify inequality. For example, individuals at the margins in India are often excluded due to their caste, religion, gender and disability. In educational institutions, inequality can be explained through meritocracy, where those who work the hardest and are the most talented are believed to rise to the top, or through birthright, where certain groups are considered to be born into positions of power. These explanations may not always align with reality but are commonly acknowledged. The study of social stratification has traditionally focused on caste, class, and gender, often neglecting individuals with disabilities as a distinct social category. It is apparent that individuals with disabilities encounter barriers to education, are less likely to complete their studies, and often face limited economic opportunities post-graduation. Contemporary theories of social stratification emphasise intersectionality, where multiple forms of oppression intersect. Sociology offers a unique perspective for exploring the construction of disability as a social category, including institutional contributions, societal dynamics, and power inequalities. This study aims to highlight the marginalized status of children with disabilities in India, particularly those with learning disabilities, through a comprehensive literature review.