Revitalizing the Just Transition Discourse: Historical Experiences from the U.S. and Germany
'Just Transition' emerged as a central issue in addressing climate change after its inclusion in the Paris Agreement (2015). Essentially, 'Just Transition' embodies the idea that during rapid industrial restructuring in specific regions or industries in response to the climate crisis, the process and outcomes should be 'just' for all, ensuring that neither the results nor the responsibilities of this transition are unilaterally imposed on workers and local communities. The concept of 'Just Transition' has been widely adopted across various policy frameworks, particularly in efforts to transition to a carbon-free society. However, its aims and strategies have become increasingly contested, with recent narratives often reducing the concept to ‘job creation’ and ‘green jobs programs.’ Consequently, the deeper, original meaning of 'Just Transition' is often oversimplified, focusing narrowly on green job creation while neglecting broader structural, historical, and social dimensions.
Recognizing the essentially contested nature of ‘Just Transition’, this study aims to examine the conceptual origins, historical context, and development process of 'Just Transition' through historical case studies. In doing so, it seeks to broaden our conceptual and theoretical understanding and draw implications from historical perspective on the current discourse on 'Just Transition.' This paper compares cases from the U.S., such as labor movements like the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers (OCAW) in the 1970s-80s, with successful instances of 'Just Transition' achieved through the co-determination system during Germany’s coal phase-out in the Ruhr region during the same period.
As countries navigate the challenges of transitioning to low-carbon societies, insights from these historical examples can help guide policies that balance economic, social, and environmental goals, ensuring no group is left behind.