From Personal Suffering and Collective Trauma to Political Violence

This study investigates how structural conditions, individual incentives, and enabling environments interact to influence radicalization and violent extremism among former prisoners involved in political violence in Lebanon. Using thematic analysis of 10 in-depth interviews, the research explores how personal trauma is understood, how it influences beliefs and behaviours, and how trauma is reframed through collective experiences, contributing to radicalization.

The findings reveal that personal trauma plays a pivotal role in shaping violent behaviours. Many interviewees attached deep meanings to their traumatic experiences, viewing them as injustices that warranted retribution. This perception, often intensified by experiences of loss, violence, and psychological distress, led them to embrace extremist ideologies as a means of empowerment.

Collective and intergenerational trauma also emerged as critical in the radicalization process. Interviewees frequently reframed their personal suffering as part of a broader collective narrative of historical oppression and marginalization. This intergenerational transmission of trauma reinforced a sense of victimhood, driving individuals to align with violent groups in defence of their community’s identity and perceived threats.

The research further explores the dynamic interaction between macro, mezzo, and micro levels. At the macro level, political instability, sectarian conflict, and war provided the structural backdrop for radicalization. Mezzo-level factors, such as community norms, extremist networks, and local violence, enabled individuals to turn to extremism. At the micro level, personal motivations, including the desire for revenge, belonging, and control, were instrumental in shaping their involvement in violent acts.

In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the radicalization process is a complex interplay between trauma, collective narratives, and structural conditions. Addressing violent extremism requires a holistic approach that considers trauma-informed interventions and the broader social and political contexts shaping individual behaviours.