When Feminism Excludes Lesbians: Rethinking Female Bonds through the Lens of the Affection Continuum

This study examines the complex dynamics of female bonds within the Chinese feminist movement, focusing on the controversial application of the "lesbian continuum" concept (Rich, 1980). Through a year-long ethnographic observation of feminist discussions on Chinese social media platforms Weibo and Xiaohongshu, including an in-depth analysis of 40 relevant posts, the research reveals nuanced reactions to Rich's concept in the Chinese context.

Paralleled with South Korea's 6B4T movement, Chinese radical feminists have strongly criticized "Xingyuan" (sex-based bonds), emphasizing non-sexual relationships. However, this stance has inadvertently led to conflicts with lesbian communities. The study uncovers a spectrum of perspectives on female bonds, highlighting tensions between radical anti-sexual relationship stances and more nuanced views on lesbian relationships.

The research introduces the "affection continuum" framework to analyze these dynamics, revealing how a one-size-fits-all approach in feminist discourse overlooks the complexity of emotional relationships, particularly the struggles of lesbians in expressing emotions and desire. This contradiction reflects the challenges faced by the Chinese feminist movement in addressing diverse gender identities and emotional relationships.

Furthermore, the study demonstrates how online discussions shape evolving feminist ideologies in China, often diverging from Western feminist theories. It underscores the importance of reinterpreting these theories within specific cultural contexts, considering local social dynamics and historical backgrounds.