Dalit Identity in Peril: Imagining Collective Resistance through Music

In this paper, I analyze Dalit protest music and its role in creating a collective imagined community. Dalit musical performances reflect the historical oppression of caste, the practices of untouchability, and the everyday humiliation faced by Dalits. These performances serve as ritualistic expressions, playing a crucial role in Dalit activism—from large social events like the birth anniversaries of social reformers to smaller meetings of Dalit activists.

In the fragmented Dalit movement in Maharashtra, musical performances are a primary cultural resource that allows Dalits to express their resistance. These performances not only produce knowledge but also evoke memories and emotions, helping to build social bonds within the community. Through music, Dalits imagine a casteless society, reproduce anti-caste discourse, and navigate internal differences to envision a more just and equal society.

Musical experiences are often evaluated based on concepts of morality and immorality, striving for a vision of society where caste is eliminated, echoing Gail Omvedt’s (2008) idea of a "Dalit utopia." However, in reality, this vision is challenged by both upper-caste groups and internal divisions within Dalit sub-castes. Despite these challenges, music helps to construct a collective Dalit identity and sustain resistance.

Dalit music critiques Brahminical values, penetrating deeply into Dalit communities and fostering a sense of agency. Although the Dalit community faces internal fractures, the imagination fostered by musical performances offers a counterbalance, helping the movement remain hopeful and committed to struggle. Music continues to play a vital role in aiding Dalits to transcend oppressive caste structures and work toward their goal of achieving social equality and justice.