Solidarity Networking Against the Usurpation of the SEED: SEED Exchange Networks in Türki̇ye

Today, seeds have ceased to symbolize collective sharing and have instead become an unrenewable commodity, one that farmers are compelled to purchase each year from seed companies. Genetically modified or hybrid seeds produced by agribusiness monopolies pose a serious threat to food security, leading to the possible extinction of local seeds. This signifies not only the loss of biodiversity but also the erosion of knowledge, heritage, and culture. In the face of multinational agribusiness monopolies, is it possible to preserve seed diversity across countries?

Due to the influence of agrochemical and biotechnology corporations such as Monsanto, Dupont, and transnational organizations like UPOV, many developing countries have undergone significant changes in their agricultural laws. In Türkiye, the sale and even exchange of seeds are regulated under the Seed Law No. 5553, which was enacted in 2006. This law mandates that all seeds sold must be certified and registered, and unregistered seed trade is prohibited. While small farmers are allowed to save and exchange seeds for their own use, any exchange that hints at 'trade' invokes penalties. This has raised concerns among farmers and activists, as it threatens local seed diversity and traditional agricultural practices.

What are the reactions to these prohibitions and the loss of seed diversity? Over the past forty years, the industrialization of agriculture has given rise to new forms of seed exchange networks. This paper analyzes the emergence of transnational seed exchange networks in Türkiye.

In response to the current seed monopolies, certain groups in Türkiye are striving to preserve biodiversity. Drawing on interviews with individuals and organizations involved in these efforts, through case-oriented study, this paper seeks to explore whether seed exchange can provide a viable solution to these challenges and will provide insights into how rural citizens navigate and influence their socio-political landscape.