Between Law and Practice: The Persistent Reality of Manual Scavenging As Modern Slavery in India

Rooted in the tradition-based caste system in India, manual scavenging is the practice of cleaning, handling, or disposing of human excreta from dry latrines, sewers, septic tanks, or open drains by using bare hands without any protective gear. This inhumane work is still carried out by scheduled castes, often known as Bhangi, Mehtar, Halalkhor, Balmiki, and so on, belonging to the lowest strata of society. The present situation led to caste-based movements, supported by non-profit organizations, like Safai Karmachari Andolan, demanding judicial and legislative intervention. In 1993, India legally abolished manual scavenging by introducing the law. However, the practice continues due to improper implementation of laws and regulations. Socio-economic compulsions and the unavailability of alternative employment opportunities. There is multiple evidence that manual scavengers are dying while working in the septic tanks and sewer lines. Using the theoretical framework of modern slavery theory and dependency theory, this article argues that manual scavenging epitomizes modern slavery, rooted in both forced labor and deep socio-economic dependencies that limit freedom and human dignity. Data is drawn from secondary sources, including government reports and surveys, digital ethnography, NGO publications, and academic literature to support its argument. The present research argues how technological inclusion can bring a paradigm shift to recognize and eradicate manual scavenging as a manifestation of modern slavery in need of immediate, sustained action.