Return Migration of Exiles and Their Descendants: The Case of Latvia

At the end of the World War II and subsequent Soviet occupation, approximately 200,000 Latvians were forced into exile. After Latvia regained independence in 1991, most of them continued to live abroad; however, a small number chose to return. These returnees not only include individuals who fled as refugees in 1944–1945 but also their descendants.

This report aims to explore the complex sentiments and experiences of the Latvian exiles who made the decision to return to Latvia. By examining their motivations, challenges, and subsequent adjustment to Latvian society, the report seeks to uncover insights into the repatriation process and its emotional, cultural, and social dimensions.

The analysis will focus on two primary generational groups: the first generation of exiles for whom returning may represent a nostalgic "homecoming"; the second and third generations of exiles, whose concept of Latvia was shaped by familial narratives and cultural heritage rather than lived experience and for who returning may involve reconnecting with an "imagined homeland."

The research will draw on biographical interviews gathered at the Latvian National Oral History Archive. These interviews will provide valuable qualitative data on the emotional and social adjustments faced by returnees, including challenges related to belonging, identity, and societal reintegration. In addition, the research will incorporate quantitative data from longitudinal study of Latvian emigrants (n=6242) and returnees (n=1400) conducted in 2019 and offering a broader perspective on return migration trends and factors influencing the decision to return or stay abroad.

By integrating qualitative and quantitative data, the report will present a comprehensive analysis of the Latvian exile community's return experience, contributing to broader discussions on post-exile identity, repatriation, and diaspora dynamics.

This research is supported by the LSC project “Navigating Post-Exile” (No. lzp-2024/1-0114) and SRP project “Vectors of societal cohesion” (No. VPP-KM-SPASA-2023/1-0002).