Navigating Violence, Sexual Abuse, and Identity: The Experiences of Transgender Children in Pakistani Schools

The Hijra community in South Asia, which does not conform to binary gender norms, faces significant discrimination, violence, and exclusion throughout their lives. This research explores the childhood experiences of Hijra individuals in Pakistani schools, focusing on the impact of institutional discrimination, peer violence, and sexual abuse. Through in-depth interviews, the study reveals the complex relationship between gender norms, violence, and identity formation for transgender children.

The findings show that transgender children in Pakistani schools are marginalized due to their gender-variant behaviors, which conflict with societal expectations. This is expressed through their gestures, language, and participation in gender-segregated activities. Schools rigidly enforce traditional gender roles, with boys and girls assigned distinct tasks. This institutional bias, reflected in educational materials and practices, deepens the exclusion of gender-variant children. Despite good academic performance, they are often denied leadership roles, such as class monitors, further reinforcing their marginalization.

The study also highlights the role of physical genital structure in shaping identity and the struggles transgender children face in conforming to societal expectations. Some respondents modify masculine clothing to appear more feminine, but face ridicule for such gender expression. Violence, both physical and sexual, is a persistent reality for transgender children. Bullying, ostracization, and sexual abuse, often perpetrated by peers, teachers, and family members, leave deep psychological scars. Victims are frequently blamed for their abuse, leading to internalized shame and self-objectification.

The research underscores the urgent need for reforms in Pakistan's educational policies, teacher training, and societal attitudes to create inclusive spaces for transgender children. These changes are essential to ensuring their safety, identity, and right to education.