Social Representations of Unconditional Basic Income: A Sociological Analysis from the Basque Country

Guerendiain Gabás, Itziar

This study examines the social representations of Unconditional Basic Income (UBI) in the Basque Country, focusing on how UBI is understood, supported, or contested within public discourse. The research draws on 26 individual interviews and employs a reflexive thematic analysis to capture a range of views on UBI. The sample includes diverse sociodemographic profiles, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the ideological landscape surrounding UBI. The study identifies four major thematic categories: (1) Origins of social inequality, which contrasts individual responsibility and structural explanations for poverty and inequality; (2) The right to a good life, discussing UBI as a pathway to freedom from traditional work obligations, improved well-being, and personal emancipation; (3) Accessibility, focusing on debates around who should be eligible to receive UBI, and whether it should be universal or means-tested; and (4) Feasibility, examining the perceived economic, political, and cultural challenges to the practical implementation of UBI.

The findings reveal strong ideological divisions in how UBI is perceived. Supporters emphasize values of equality, freedom, and social justice, viewing UBI as a necessary reform to address systemic inequalities. Opponents raise concerns about its economic viability, its impact on work incentives, and the challenge of building political consensus. Additionally, tensions emerge regarding the concepts of deservingness and reciprocity, with some participants expressing skepticism about unconditional financial support.

The discussion suggests that for UBI to gain broader acceptance, proponents must address these concerns by framing it as a universal right that fosters social solidarity, rather than a conditional or transactional aid. The study highlights the importance of promoting UBI as part of a broader movement for social justice and systemic change, challenging entrenched capitalist structure