Comparative Analyses of Exclusionism in (Post-)Post-Socialist Countries: With Special Attention to Mongolia

Although exclutionist and anti-immigrant movements can now be observed wildly in (post-)post-socialist societies, it remains yet to be solved whether or not the public in those societies shares views and actions characterized by those movements. In order to address this question on an empirical basis, this study explores the attitude toward people with different background harbored by people in these societies. To be specific, the second wave and the third wave data of the Life in Transition Survey conducted in most of former socialist societies are analyzed in this study. In those waves of the survey, conducted in 2010 and 2014 respectively, the survey asked respondents' willingness to accept people with different cultural background as their neighbor. The two waves of the survey also includes a question whether the respondents evaluate immigrants' contribution to the economy, or find immigrants a burden. Using such data enables both time-series and cross-national comparative analyses of the attitude.

In the analyses, this study gives particular attention to Mongolia, where The rise and rampancy of ultranationalists and xenophobic movements was repeatedly reported even before immigrant issue became central in Central and East European countries. Previous study found Mongolians' weaker tolerance to different culture compared to people in other (post-)post-socialist societies, as well as Mongolian tendency to regard people with different culture as a threat to social security or unemployment. The study, however, had little success in revealing factors relating to tolerance or intolerance to the people of different cultures (Minato, K., 2014, "Mongolian Tolerance and Intolerance Toward Different Cultures: An Exploration Based on Analyses of Cross-National Survey Data." Acta Mongolica, 15: 41-46). Hence, this study reexamines the findings of the previous study, and to clarify the factors behind the Mongolian attitude toward different cultures.